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JZL Capital | 详解Adjusted Quadratic Mechanism——如何解决二次融资潜在问题
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前情介绍:

1. Adjusting Quadratic Mechanism(适应二次机制)是由2018年Vitalik与哈佛教授共同推出的二次融资(Quadratic Funding)演化而来。二次融资是一个为了解决公共项目融资困难的一种新的融资机制,其中对于一个有p个公共产品,N个社区成员(投资者)的社群来说,第p个公共产品收到的投资等于每个投资者的投资额的平方根之和的平方,其收益则是下列公式组成:

pI5jzFVeyD4Ua6rBRZ8xbXAsPptvtS0l6aZ53Qnp.png

QF有几个特点:

1) 收益递增。参与投资的人数越多,获得的收益越多(因为更多人平等地参与使用项目)

2) 边际收益递减。随着人数增多,单位收益的增量变小。

3) 针对公共产品,非排他性、非竞争性。

4) 无法解决过度串谋、或者一人分饰多角的问题,既女巫攻击。

总结:因此对于公共产品融资,通过二次融资方式可以产生对社会最优的投资规模以及产生最优的投资收益,但这只是一个理想社会下,人人都处于理智(rational)的状态,但真正情况却有可能发展成多人串谋,甚至一人分饰多角“薅羊毛”的情况。

2. 由于上述二次融资潜在的问题,Vitalik配合灵魂绑定代币(SBT)的特性,提出了适应二次机制(Adjusting Quadratic Mechanism),致力于解决过度串谋、或一人分饰多角而造成的利益分配不均的问题。

1) 这并不是一刀切,而是会在仍然给与一定奖励的情况下,削弱合作的力度。

2) 通过检查灵魂所持有的SBT的相关性,可以区分出highly correlated, affiliated, 甚至 colluded灵魂们

机制介绍:Adjusting Quadratic Funding/Voting

  1. Simple Match: 我们先从最简单的逻辑出发,假设项目p有Abdu、Shou、Belle三名投资人,分别对项目p做出了A、S、B量的贡献,在SBT的验证下,三名投资人分别没有钩稽关系。则:

    1. 在A、S、B互无关系,互相独立的情况下。用Quadratic Funding的方式可以简单计算Abdu、Shou、Belle分别对应的融资收益、或者voting power。且可以看出项目p所获得的matching fund与A、S、B的数量成正比。

      QbDb9NM6VqQqobyJe5fXv0WvnquQy8oowJBKbqdH.png

  2. Single Membership:进一步思考,如果Abdu、Shou、Belle之间有两位成员有合作关系,如Abdu和Shou,则Vitalik提供了两种优化方式:

    1. Cluster Match:将A 和 S合并在同一个根式下,可以降低Abdu与Shou的收益分成比例,增加Belle的收益分成比例,但同时也没有完全惩戒Abdu与Shou的合作:

      vni3c4ibM6IYjyqhAC9Z6ZcoGpO1NhAMfyrLRfY9.png

      通过上述我们可以看出,等式将Abdu和Shou的权重被一定程度稀释,给予了Belle与另外两位之和相同的权重。如果Abdu和Shou是一人分饰两角,则上述等式会将Abdu和Shou当作一个个体进行处理,达到最优解。

      IwBjmAVE5BrFQVAFg7tD2nSFTX57Qtl5Uyx86x1d.png

    2. Offset Match:通过判断Abdu和Shou的关联程度,通过除以系数的方式给A和S减少(Offset)一定量的权重,在Abdu与Shou合作的情况下:

      qOf9T8P11FgIrzC09NdGo6VBQVgg4yFLPuJmvklZ.png

      同样,在Abdu和Shou在完全相同的情况下,我们可以获得跟(4)同样的最优解:

      61u5p9aXkZ1rq6tyLJwE54rOHhjENj7WbQ5OO8Z7.png

  3. Multiple Memberships:在Single Membership的考虑中,我们过度简化了社会中可能存在的合作关系抑或是共生关系,因此这里我们假设更加复杂的情况。Abdu和Shou存在一定社会关系,Abdu和Belle也存在关联,同时Shou和项目p之外的某个群体有关联。

    1. Cluster Match:类似于Single Membership,我们将有关联的两个个体放在同一个根式下,但我们需要将每个个体的权重之和设定为1,得到如下公式:

      3gGZq32Gh2ah1bAYh3RObwaK7YTkAW1X1wD7ckB2.png

    2. Offset Match:对于Offset Match的方式,我们需要计算出每个人的贡献系数,通过分析每个个体所持有SBT的相关性决定。以上述情况为例,我们假设Bella与Abdu有50%相关,同时Abdu也与Bella有50%相关;再假设Abdu和Shoud在SBT的持有上有25%相关,每个个体的权重为1,我们得到以下方程组:

      MhT5WojJQtHTjCmGREn7kHeGrgFABVOncbNkJz9N.png

      通过求解我们得到最终的通过Offset Match求得的Mathcing Fund为:

      57SPweolm3x3to86aKdYTlnP91GlJRSNEYeFW0po.png

总结:

通过将SBT的特殊属性与二次融资Quadratic Funding相结合,可以在理论上有效地解决当年QF遗留下来的容易受到女巫攻击或共谋攻击的问题,这将在未来对DAO的投票治理,公共项目融资等事件在提升效果及效率的情况下做到尽可能的安全及合理。

来源:金色财经

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