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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 # S- i# A, b9 ]
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
% y' w) b Q& P; [- U: l" Q01
$ R0 u; x# @' }6 C2 `stETH不会是下一个UST ) m# d; {1 L" h9 E/ b) D& x6 V
stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
% `) K+ ~1 G; R7 t4 a$ `4 R0 i当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。 ^" V: ]7 ^, |- M
02 ! j' z6 L2 D# A' c [2 c$ S
stETH不是GBTC
2 t* R. K+ u: v3 {' p5 t& FstETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 ) I2 \1 K3 \% I& k+ B- x8 T! V8 D
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。 ! ^: d/ M' V( v$ J4 m) b( h
03 . v# w6 `2 U/ a4 C9 D; O) c
stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
7 `/ A( k! i9 Z' k1 P4 ~5 @0 gstETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 ) ?, k# h/ I3 L7 [7 u/ H1 x; {, c7 t
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。
! [+ K f8 n5 W. l" N04 # E1 Z0 S' w$ }2 t) [9 u6 V
stETH存在套利机会 3 ^. c0 {% Z+ H/ h! G7 }0 D$ J( u9 r
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。
2 _/ K) }9 W( |+ x' p" R+ ]! Y因为其中存在套利:
( R( j x, l5 c如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。 * o6 P* y+ B8 c2 s3 M
当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: & o7 j! n4 @' {( t8 S, `
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。
& q2 }5 o! m- ~& | z6 ~05 6 \' a0 `3 r2 Z
即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月
) N8 g8 W9 [9 |9 L需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。 / m( Q# x; b/ V" O7 g
06 0 T: a$ ~3 g1 J4 {: K5 y3 i
影响stETH价格的四大因素 : U0 Q; `" U; T1 z9 s9 ^
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
) z- V7 v4 a6 `( G1 d) w+ }% h& L1 s流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
+ S/ N* R4 R" D7 E+ | l07 6 s3 I% e E8 w E& G) e* ]
引发stETH清算的原因 : P. e: F3 A/ B
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
6 J; S. ?5 a4 t# J前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
* V( ]* p8 i/ B7 w$ n因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
. h8 i5 }# R! R' ^5 @/ @3 a : u4 ?' @, Z, p1 F, m
Celsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
5 }+ q5 e" [4 X' W. N* ~所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。 ( ~, F7 C' J! v: Q" A
根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。 * C0 W; s* \, S
例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。 - R* @! P* o, a; G1 B4 h" u6 Z
08
/ i- I& I$ X" D E2 n" M3-5%的负溢价是正常的 ! w3 b0 o3 Y" @9 f% K5 u# R
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险?
' Z* i2 P0 T* {" N不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。
9 M8 U+ Y/ t" a, m% o我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 - [8 ^9 k& r1 Z2 N( M# e$ U
来源:金色财经 |
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