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虽然缩表或已被市场price-in,但央行作为大买家的离场,已经在美债市场掀起“惊涛骇浪”,尤其是被称为“资产定价之锚”的10年期美债收益率,可谓是牵一发而动全身。 - B# S; C7 E% k1 c, q) |* E$ ? d& c
: U9 d% K% t# U: b9 \% T+ T* Y在美联储大手笔加息的同一天,货币紧缩的另一个“利器”——缩表也拉开了序幕。 % s' d& l2 [! |
; X# k3 C3 ?2 t0 O4 K) V周三,美联储停止对150亿美元到期国债进行再投资,这是疫情初期美联储启动债券购买计划以来首次这么做。 5 P' o& V# Y; a. }, `" R9 N
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上个月,美联储宣布将从6月1日开始缩表,每月拟减持475亿美元资产,三个月后增加到950亿美元。 0 O# V$ o0 G1 `& X, ^' n
/ r% @7 G; d7 G$ F其中,美债缩减上限最初为每月 300 亿美元,9月增加到每月 600 亿美元;机构债券和机构抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)缩减上限最初将为每月 175 亿美元,9月增加到每月 350 亿美元。 , y1 O$ }. ~- V% {8 |5 I. e" K
4 I L H) v! K) n P, [, J2 x本次缩表是以“被动”方式进行的,即到期不续做,资产自动被赎回,而非主动卖出。在具体操作上,当到期资产低于美联社设置的缩减上限时,那么当月到期赎回的本金不安排再投资,只有到期规模大于上限的部分才会被进行再投资。
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尽管如此,美联储这轮缩表也比2017-2019年那次更加激进,当时缩表是在美联储首次加息近两年后才开始的,而这一次美联储是加息和缩表双管齐下。
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8 X( j: w/ b2 a; Q0 Y, z: C此外,由于本轮扩表速度和规模更大,那么相应地缩表的节奏也更快。上轮美联储共开展三轮QE,历时近6年扩表3.5万亿美元;本轮扩表两年半增加5.14万亿美元。 ( A8 J5 E( f# r
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2 n: _- @* P& T! W O6 v0 @# C缩表影响究竟有多大?
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在美联储本月早些时候发表的一篇论文中,研究人员预计,未来几年将资产负债表规模减少约2.5万亿美元,这“大致相当于”将联邦基金利率“持续”提高0.5个多百分点。
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h+ J/ x2 c3 d& M然而,他们也警告称,这一估计存在相当大的不确定性。摩根士丹利近日也在报告中指出,量化宽松(QE)和量化紧缩(QT)对各类金融资产的影响“有限且不确定”。
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# H% l* a) R& P$ V3 ?美联储理事沃勒(Christopher Waller)此前曾表示,美联储收缩资产负债表的计划相当于加息“两次”,每次加息25个基点,而美联储副主席布雷纳德(Lael Brainard)今年4月表示,整个过程可能相当于“再加息两到三次”。 * w' _4 {) D2 j! U
/ o. Z- M1 Q/ x" F* z" R z( N不过也有观点认为,缩表预期早已落地,影响有限。法国兴业银行的Solomon Tadesse就指出,只有计划的宣布才会产生影响,而不是实际的实施。
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# J& z- r8 Y" c, L8 D- f大买家离场,债市更加动荡
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虽然缩表或许已经被市场price-in,但大买家的离场,已经在美债市场掀起“惊涛骇浪”,尤其是被称为“资产定价之锚”的10年期美债收益率,可谓是牵一发而动全身。 0 b* _" K0 x R9 p* j) q
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近期,美国国债市场市场陷入“异常”:债券收益率剧烈波动,市场流动性则在快速萎靡。10年期美国国债的收益率周一单日跳涨28个基点。这种超4个标准差的剧烈波动在过去100年只出现过一次。2年期美国国债收益率的波动更大,波动超35个基点。 % j) ~" K# ?* b/ M- a
8 h6 \! \1 y9 a A5 v7 s. |0 x伴随着收益率的大幅波动,美债买卖价差已经飙升,市场流动性正在快速萎缩。摩根士丹利警告称,一些较短期的美国国债流动性甚至比2020年3月时还要糟糕。而与2020年不同的是,现在没有央行作为后盾进行托底。 8 Z5 [3 M& ~ X- K: m( n) {
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贝莱德固定收益部门首席投资官Rick Rieder对媒体表示,两年来美联储一直是一个大买家,对稳定市场发挥着重要影响,“失去这些,加上围绕通胀和增长的不确定性,意味着利率市场的波动性将很高,远高于我们过去几年所看到的水平。” $ G ?& C- h" Z+ `) D: \
! x% s6 d& A( M: w4 k: C- F我会持续更新我看好的项目或者是看好的板块市场最新消息, 大家感兴趣可以点个关注获取最新币圈资讯。 来源:金色财经 |
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