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# c1 K& b; M' |7 G0 r; t- A7 _! o. t# U% r6 T. t
天朝博弈史
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$ Y% B' U q% p3 x博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 + G( V. ?7 p) [* |# s7 O
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
: H* g2 e% R' y《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ) K6 X+ P1 A" O) X
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& ]- c* K' c% w# R→春秋战国( C5 d* Z* N0 g* u
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 , z( f p9 |0 d+ G/ l$ q' p& k1 ^
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
5 C8 \6 a# Q3 X《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
' P( S3 e. f/ q8 j4 V! x/ A《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。' d1 |9 H$ Y V5 o2 F
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 , y2 J7 r" S) b) X, r
$ t0 i0 z3 U( b; Q→汉朝
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6 j& o0 y! {5 E) S汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→7 U n& X5 a. }: a( v
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晋朝
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9 x2 B( n1 p8 K. X- u3 Y, h* M: E东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →" @; v/ j. p1 Y
2 d8 a# J( p0 {3 V6 |
宋朝
3 u! ]% q! S* ~3 V0 ]8 O
0 {/ j2 Y4 ^! [& k: ?北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
* Q5 x- \; k U: v" G4 D3 X苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。, w: Q+ y( m1 M
, D' K( J ~' i7 B《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”7 T9 [8 ?( ^+ C# k, Y
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→
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& l% N. A5 b) ~1 v- c- r% e辽、金( c: G# b6 R; a/ l3 M! Z6 B
, S( O$ }! a( t% q+ d" f辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”$ u8 f9 m# x3 C
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明朝
" H! \3 C( {* Z' M' b# G
9 M! t4 K" |( b- F6 o2 B3 k1 J) j6 M& v明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。% |: O# M# B: H5 E8 s# W! p' d
# ~1 |) h) N6 s8 ~→4 w5 c6 [; T+ D d
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清朝8 _% H3 m7 @ K! e. U8 p1 W
- v1 m1 v( t6 w7 p! V) w# G) }
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 # h# K: h: C( w7 e
" S$ U$ C% R) [% l' f: w. @1 P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 0 i0 \. ^. { Y9 L9 F8 ?
8 F( V m, k( M$ b雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
) I* U& u+ j9 |9 M' c. N$ M% |
' w0 x: r+ `, W& `2 F- U& \清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
) T8 i( M) }/ K- E; E咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。7 }4 L3 v' T3 o0 }9 N* Y
$ `6 n1 I) Y6 I- I0 @! {9 ^( j7 C洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + F, g5 R5 c! h p# V
+ {+ e1 }4 d/ J* h: d- D: C汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 9 P. H# R/ Z' J
9 g3 F! \4 r# n- Z0 J
同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
, ?8 l# ~, U* E) T" m$ y吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”2 x8 \/ g/ [% t. o1 d3 N: T
, S! z/ t: F) j+ H6 O& U6 [8 H0 m光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 9 A+ S+ o" \! s+ b
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/ I) Q9 t2 q9 r- n鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 5 r5 w$ B" L+ _2 ?6 h* W
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 7 X! T& I7 \) k0 q
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