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$ k+ i5 w, U; c) w% D( q* Q6 S2 `
4 n. s+ |& W+ m3 q% v& L9 Z6 U1 g天朝博弈史! n& w x+ A0 y' J- [7 D9 P% T! M
, g1 [4 k- a( Q( v+ C8 t博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ! D4 G& {; l- P* G: @9 J3 [
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 5 I, x0 J" T! V
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 2 L j0 @4 R7 f. f+ M- L( J
$ P1 J" b ^" V1 K! }* A
2 [' k2 Q# [) b
→春秋战国
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& V2 N, B' K- M3 ?; Z |《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 & {9 D% Y: y* F. F
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 / P( _3 U. J* c2 h
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” & @. K8 p; N& C$ [0 t( I( {- `# P
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。+ s: d" I4 r* [4 G. p
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 + c8 z1 F9 x/ u6 p
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→汉朝
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$ \6 g1 _; b7 z3 B( }8 E* S2 z2 Y$ U. Z& [6 V# V5 [ ^# C
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛8 } l7 ?! I6 j
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晋朝
7 f) U+ C" C0 Z6 g& k4 e
& \$ ]8 b! X% W东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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G m& d' m4 V( N唐朝; j1 E3 b4 U& B6 A" b, b3 O, U
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
8 }+ }9 [, ]0 o% Q+ J( d0 b% V! d& w ]$ g2 R8 i
宋朝- r& t: T5 V6 I# r+ g/ K
% \5 T9 [2 o* I2 A) ]
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
$ ~ a7 i" Z8 N% f, R苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。$ |8 O4 s: Q: y& ?
" l6 ?5 M4 Q- q3 I1 j
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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, z" N7 [1 ?+ N$ S1 o; D3 U U0 d' J明朝) d9 ~2 h9 P6 B. b0 `- y
8 S0 [2 u7 ]7 _% P: w1 q明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。" b. b- Y7 k/ D- f! y3 X
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→
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j$ y r- w$ S1 a清朝
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) H2 P; F2 d4 B$ o- A* Z《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 & j9 m1 g% Y+ @
/ H. L) N0 H H% D/ e" T* ^康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
6 z% S% y" d) c0 s+ l) K咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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( a: X& x4 p3 @0 K& p0 b" ?: ?* y洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + o- b6 z( q# G/ l7 H0 ]' z
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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; Y$ }- J+ |/ l2 H) j: b同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
) f' v& f" r6 d- r+ ]0 k# V. o0 ]
) K$ q0 j4 E, U; A5 A$ ~/ ]蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 V# b+ Z0 K$ ~( v
% W- Z1 x: ~) O8 {张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 3 \% B( A( b( N$ @9 @* A/ o6 N
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国9 v; W; ~7 k7 M3 S5 C
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
2 |% M; c5 S2 ]5 |1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” + [' @8 ~/ e/ d4 H
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