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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史
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6 y C* Z" H& v8 o博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 4 C4 [) {# K6 `* N: s. Q; b7 J
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” : _" `# c) x) W& O
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 % A& D Q3 `9 z& w( O+ E5 a
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+ y8 I/ I8 a" `/ _0 _0 E& @→春秋战国
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( W# `" L9 Q L" _( t《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 % v4 F! {" i6 Z/ |
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ' ]: B3 Y+ ?4 O( y& K; @' w9 z
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
. l3 \* Y! [) Q' y《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。% H0 J3 |4 e' ^: n0 r
$ s6 ?: S' [" Z《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ) J! D1 O' s0 X0 P2 j. E% l$ \- v
- q5 [3 c3 X1 h→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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晋朝8 a1 J* `. j* _3 |3 G
" r2 s: ]. |) O9 K P: X东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ) o% n( G7 P* ]1 k8 H+ ^# j
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ s7 R+ \% t6 H# [! }3 R& C
, {: {# |" { Y" j( @9 J& N$ o宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
% ?; f$ \7 G L4 L苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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" c h: L0 d1 A& e《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”% a$ Q1 A3 O. s1 X& m
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→
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辽、金: P- L H* f5 p6 p( r! q$ |+ \
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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9 ?6 J J R) M- @* q( |, M2 X明朝
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: e& E! e" g# k- O; F% n明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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3 G- v" J; M `# k# j! o清朝7 H; [7 p8 `9 e" f" P
g5 }# Q# h2 {, M$ x《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 4 K5 |, N0 ~5 l* ?! |6 S9 \
. j8 c, Y: P+ K$ x W康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
; {. U& M& `4 ?- ?9 s: J. C) ?6 \6 J咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。! R) ~1 E- O4 h& l$ G
' ~% q8 t$ S S7 x洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 - y# t0 T3 e6 y4 f6 ]( r- v' Z
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ; G$ O9 \! B7 m* i9 O2 m# ^$ q
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。% z) _8 \2 g9 |( r# g7 N
% \1 w Q4 V/ F, R! X1 g8 L) G张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
8 V/ @5 k1 Y7 Y0 q C% g" O吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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/ ~+ r4 v* m( {+ f% Y0 K* s; N光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 0 z+ G8 @, U( e$ c
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
8 K! X5 i) V9 D1 L/ b1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 7 t' r R: @) n6 E8 d( q8 J3 G# l2 x
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