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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 # c3 {9 J/ Z: f- _
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( S& B( X" |$ q V& v7 M" x7 S许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” : `0 g" s% f* f1 ^
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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9 \& {# F+ L7 r3 r5 o8 Q
7 f9 Q( W6 @; g% M0 D→春秋战国7 g9 d x( A& G
( z4 x( y V4 Z《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
) W/ B3 a. Z: q! {, X! E3 [) H《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 # j3 I7 q3 s- p5 M! |
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 6 _& }! w6 q, L d1 X, d
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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3 V2 k C- L1 u8 D汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛8 k1 ~9 K) h- d; t6 Z+ d* M! s
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晋朝& [4 F' n7 s; e/ @
{: \/ F# F3 Q4 s& l东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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2 Q9 ?, z% a' T: C2 E3 [( s( B唐朝9 G6 \$ f' ^$ I; j: y
% C! h: ~9 j$ \; W# l6 u' `" N3 `唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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Y' x: |. _' u" h+ }1 Z2 L, O% U" q宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 # T: C. y* U* z3 {' {. I& M, x
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。( f7 J; S* t( F q! P
6 s7 e+ z5 T( g& X& w! \1 e, ]《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”# m: k5 o7 h2 M# c$ e$ U
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辽、金
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7 U) { a) z h! \" S7 D L5 \辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”& K; W. R7 y2 E# w
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明朝
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# @; Q ]* ^# J! W8 s2 l- A% @明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。* R. X% F3 l2 G, I2 o% Y9 o
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6 v" g4 y: }! Y, E6 H* x4 t4 i清朝3 t \% [0 Q$ S" v
# b" m( [! E7 i- T《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 @8 W0 r6 T( w
! P! h( m# ?) D+ ]! P2 I& u康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 O# w- _" d: j7 `. ~
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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" [% s$ z/ e( \# ^7 r清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ' H4 R& L8 l m8 m; t, O' X
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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9 \3 J" ?7 Z* Y洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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; f! x- I& U; A, t4 e$ y2 m+ t% y" w同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 8 l; i' ?* A3 d6 ^. P% b+ Z3 @
8 t3 \) d6 ^+ m" R( E M ^蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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& J7 S. `& ^$ |, c1 b9 n4 q张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
- I4 Z6 k0 ~& A; G9 n! e吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”' u" @# C6 R, e; y$ J
0 _( a' [9 C5 }& k光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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. o- s- }" N5 Q! Z2 |& `鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” / V4 m7 V/ Q6 A* J
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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