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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 . h0 O5 c; n( V# i3 I; {1 p) A
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
4 E2 L) c: l$ ^. k9 P《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 8 X% |' D3 o z* ~2 Y4 i! s/ u) h
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→春秋战国9 i8 c9 y: m U e4 P# Y+ E* k
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
2 _) B% H; J X7 N$ M( @《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 - Y& F4 t) i) r) Y2 G' O% U
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
$ s+ i$ k) v1 _5 K+ V" `5 ?. X5 i《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。% }! |! ^* J0 K9 Y" q
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 " ~7 s$ p* m( j8 N
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→汉朝0 N" G# E6 w+ i, G' N, V
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( c* T+ i6 m" c$ ^* v- }4 G6 K汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛" Z a7 L b& f4 U) @( _
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7 f* X9 k7 a2 m% v% ]
" D8 L6 k. E2 K' b晋朝- T% v$ r$ W+ D) x, g
% d# _$ |3 D4 j& u4 ]东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” . s) T1 D* I2 O' ~
→
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4 F0 F, e# ~: g唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
6 B+ Y3 X: A, f ^3 ~1 N$ D
, K! p ` n6 a9 S宋朝
1 A' }! x9 C" U. z
4 V% H0 ]8 X2 \: G+ J8 h北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
. @* n* ?/ B' E* L$ u: {$ e苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。8 |1 y4 `* q( C
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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6 Y% \/ d, A/ Q. f辽、金, q2 `$ b, a5 z! A6 S9 ?
! q6 B+ J$ e$ w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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明朝6 W% @3 T! e3 E( N+ W
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。. U, J! s5 L- O- f
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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, J, A" Z; N6 o康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 5 `- s" |9 Z, \4 j
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ' @* K. Q, F# v( Z
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
1 G& I# q. u3 V 9 t1 V5 D6 Y9 F# h( R) x: P) }
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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; _, G& Y0 O$ V* T3 N( m汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 " s7 l5 ~4 O5 A
( F+ ?3 X: w0 x: e( G$ z( B! h同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ' F Q* f, H2 R3 y
* j; G4 C) S' |3 m. b- e蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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( R1 I& `! [. x/ ~. |) ~" [张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 * C' f; T! \3 a# A7 \
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”. q( ^0 t( f, N8 m
% @% l* R6 W }. M7 U0 P光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 R2 _. {( `3 h9 b9 h
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 3 L# R) f6 z5 w
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