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3 e5 u! J, W5 r% W天朝博弈史' h5 ]. }& P! ^4 r7 x; Y
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 @5 H) h3 B; [/ M: Y% v/ w许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” % G9 y. P+ b$ d: s1 j' e, b
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 6 j m; |! j( l9 k5 i, Q
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→春秋战国0 y J3 F% _# t P3 c5 U7 R
- m' s2 Q/ C% P# l( S《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
, x" o- j; O7 }* m《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
* U6 I7 Y! W4 R8 @《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
9 Z5 r" s' z! }8 o- u) y; ?《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。0 z0 y/ C4 o- o5 C! O0 ?/ k. T
6 ]( c' d2 s. X0 r- Y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 % N" W3 l1 G- U, x
) d! d3 x' X8 u3 ^
→汉朝
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, D, T! j* `# `5 X1 ]1 L汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
4 o; d: |; _8 l( {+ J; Y/ H5 Q 2 F! y, Z A1 h) |: b: d! T' {
→/ n; p4 j7 F! ?
1 S9 _8 D' I9 m) g( C& X晋朝& o6 Z. k+ s, S! x! `+ t
& S* D1 |7 t6 c* k东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 Y1 X' ^, l/ A! r a
→! i7 W3 H1 x! M1 w- R
+ _/ E5 X# U0 Z/ w5 ~6 |# o唐朝" }3 m. i. L0 ~( J1 b y
+ Q- L h& V: C( z3 E2 v唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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$ I7 w" }; j5 K$ n北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 & @6 U( }4 \" O! x. ?/ o
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
% v3 y; r% y$ d/ t4 S _
' ~; T( \' {4 ~) ]) W, X《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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4 r' i! z; P5 w, o N→
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辽、金' @! c. h' _$ o- Z* L! [. v
3 L, ?0 W5 x" U: {& q# L6 H: n辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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, K# p8 |! ?0 X# x( n明朝
1 d- G2 z0 J8 }+ z! K/ r3 v( a! K5 S; j0 R! b4 M" x
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。; G5 n4 d; @3 z4 ?% W, h% m
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清朝
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0 U% f9 O" H1 I Z9 ~5 @% S《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 + o K1 Q+ d4 ?
$ W, M9 O% l c; U+ e康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 [7 y: N8 c& u0 x
: ^; A# ^. ]. p9 e
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” $ @" T# o c( o6 C, V
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 K$ O- e3 g9 W7 S& G& ~
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 1 `; q( H* v/ K1 E6 _! ^
. L, h% S$ k4 s6 |: M汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ! ^; P* N0 N3 t0 Z! ?- ^3 A
% n: b8 i U. h+ ^6 j v
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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& m# X- u2 P ?( ~0 o* t张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
9 ]' Y8 J; A! p1 o吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”4 G% a& T" n2 G( Z7 Y
) \: v" N( p6 d4 J' }光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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( R0 Y5 j" Y3 } @4 \- ^( j" F1 s中华民国
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% p4 x6 Q2 F5 t鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 6 E* V3 t8 _- F4 e5 Y, t5 P
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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