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天朝博弈史9 v0 X) O* }( i0 [& [: \
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
1 k& ]4 m4 d4 n" }4 `许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ; d# a0 b$ `: ?* h# p/ Y& Z
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 - y) {- h3 |9 n0 e2 ]
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0 r- v0 c& ^. G- {' W& h) t→春秋战国: r3 L9 z# I, k4 X) Q* {8 Z
$ A: {' I$ X: h+ P《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
; y# r5 v% T3 B: ~4 s1 B4 z! a《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 % Q! Y1 y: X/ }# O
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ! Q+ _0 f- p+ C3 b$ {
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 # B$ f$ ~* }3 D, T9 g1 F
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→汉朝( ~! p: X; V, a! n+ O
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# | t+ k# g2 _汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝0 B. W& E1 j! o' R
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
% J: C2 o$ b; r9 o6 G7 |3 F→, ?8 g+ S/ }% Y5 s8 @6 H
( @8 ^2 b0 C& n) t' m- Z2 A8 z! v6 A唐朝
5 J) ~! ~" _9 l a$ m5 {* Y2 }/ p
1 G( u5 x* t& c5 g( A- a唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →5 e6 I B* \% p/ G
" J, s* Z& t! W C' ]宋朝+ V4 G# G) V, ^7 `/ {4 p
* O7 C! r8 ?7 P f6 u北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
3 e, L: Q* O1 s苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. [7 C' K- J! o4 {3 p" V z, D
6 b+ j5 g* e0 g1 h" X《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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6 B# e4 X! d5 N4 a" j9 |# c辽、金
2 r4 m. C0 U: b5 t) @: H+ T: K! H3 {5 T6 {
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”9 J+ O7 s- i& V: p# F- F
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→
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明朝$ J8 i9 d" C2 {- ]
8 e5 D a' u J" m( |2 }- D% c明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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# X4 H& x7 n) f0 V→
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清朝3 A/ C# W& B6 @$ [: ^+ S; t
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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" h. R5 _3 q& n清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
' K1 n7 y- A8 r Y8 N! c咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。" d r+ a) Y# a- @" q9 q
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 1 n& k4 s5 b2 f" s+ {- S# u
1 Z$ p' A% i% ]6 S7 G6 n; U) y同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 9 a# x) H. v1 M
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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6 Z2 B# O) o' F6 I* o# b张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ( K9 G, D# ^# V
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 v& R! V9 A3 c4 t- ?1 E9 O" s( G1 l
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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3 o% Y8 q- |* [2 u) T6 G中华民国5 [3 r# I: P! N( {$ C6 s8 E
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
* N4 K3 K- B% _% u* M2 S1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” - Y& m& U. W* `8 j! j* _+ t! Q
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