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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 e; |3 o6 A/ E0 a5 _0 c, U H
4 U3 t; @- E$ m天朝博弈史! b w( Q# [" }) i9 t7 w
/ Z7 J" g1 j5 |8 P博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* h6 f- O* R+ Z" p2 v/ m! q g许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 7 K8 j( q* K/ _4 _7 t/ I
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 " q2 c. |3 E: B: {8 M( |( A
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→春秋战国
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" L# L4 t b _1 O, {9 H+ n《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 8 R8 J9 g% E/ p2 v# y1 i) o
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
" [0 C* V- G" N( t. ?2 l5 I1 z《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
5 S' @7 p2 g, p2 A) e《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。. L' n6 O- {$ l! l B
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 7 P. H6 u) W! S- M
7 H" {5 @9 O; J" K7 A→汉朝- b/ c0 f) Q$ v
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3 y; K$ r1 D1 u) Y. Z+ E汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→% C( r& h; ]0 r, e# R, K1 _+ s
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晋朝
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% m5 j% i# l3 O& o" ]9 L( |- B东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 0 {7 v& C* O4 u) y
→
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% n- Q. M8 I7 j$ R0 k% }唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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6 x) j6 y* B3 X. ^北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
9 j/ K! A( |0 q0 n, d/ W" h苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。; E3 |" n/ U3 V) ?- f( ]9 d6 q
: V+ \: K0 d0 `/ {' K3 [《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 l, ^" g) Z& q6 q6 j! }+ i6 {
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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6 \+ ?6 p1 [( Y# o: m" X5 K4 `- Y明朝4 u7 K" J% C$ o5 M: ~( q
# ~: ^6 m; g0 S3 s; ]6 W明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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清朝
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, T9 o* ]3 s8 c' w* c《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
$ I6 h1 \+ n$ ]+ x: ~: e" ]* l0 ~8 N% I7 J) f
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 + l- [9 V8 Q6 a. @. W8 @( y
4 J' P9 T& q# j8 i1 u% r雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。# m, o6 D! m$ l* Y; n* f* [2 o, |
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 1 F6 s, [5 i7 n# j/ Z/ L7 m
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。" D: Z0 W l: @$ H7 M
: ?4 s! G6 U# G& p3 l! w, P洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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3 z( j) {) i7 g0 O& F. K; M同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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: x8 U9 A" R- @" d7 b蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。& s4 r2 M6 Z: w) d/ w2 p' ~
- \0 Q6 v# J* b v6 u: l张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
9 H9 C3 o+ V1 M; K' f2 k' |% E9 }% @吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”' L5 z- s; ]; @% t! |) s
% H H* g5 _, \3 h' L. h光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” - y! P. B W2 h5 x
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中华民国* D, w; R4 X) s) I$ s
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
; k. P+ j# B( D/ Z7 _1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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