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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 % P2 a4 \% ?! C- y
% ]; l7 o* D5 W! g# V1 y! s% T- W天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
/ H# K. j8 ^* `, E N许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” & z/ B/ l V# k4 @3 r4 C" Y
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 - p: w7 n6 U/ A1 V. s% I
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8 @) z% ~7 q/ `" ?- ~ {→春秋战国' R' Q4 w3 y' B0 A. T
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
, Y% m% y" z9 o' W《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 2 Z9 @8 z$ H& R
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
3 m: O6 |) D$ S9 ?1 G《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。1 M9 r6 w6 k$ J8 R. b7 ~- U
" p, E( V3 \: U) Z# {《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 2 T6 m6 W1 Z6 }& }+ ?
3 Q' F! m q$ b# I. _ k$ Y→汉朝+ \6 D2 D( N$ j& g6 b+ Q: b) y
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6 @9 p7 t/ T7 L2 L; [0 v9 S! I汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝* |0 B& t; U+ F3 ]$ @
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
- q- y" Z/ _+ h: D→) @" O) o! D( w! p7 x& Q) D
U1 Q: S& {, }) L8 z5 m) ^唐朝 l& r7 |! `# T# E
: I% R6 [' ]* C" l# o9 |, M( A唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
2 q: }: E6 g, P6 C5 @6 W, V6 L3 q5 E% W8 O6 X/ `
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 " d6 t- T- v: A/ u
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. Z) s9 D5 H: i$ t/ }+ q
9 l; `7 X% [( E6 X9 Z' O6 I《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金* e9 G' ?, ^1 |. k
& f u, z8 b, l; D! X* a辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”* m8 A8 q. l4 T2 y: @" S& V' ^3 X
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; G: e- W. c$ m! C( z# K( l明朝
_+ w6 a- O2 a" Q5 _" z# b/ R, C4 Q; L3 O. p
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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s$ `7 Z5 D3 S! W$ \- Y- p0 V: e→
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) P$ U( u e" L清朝
* S4 a1 i& j+ U9 D9 D# g% U" ]
! ~5 X4 U7 U! K* ~7 L) |' I2 [《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 9 {0 j/ U6 r! _5 f }0 I
; k& q" D5 l9 r9 e康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 E1 e5 v5 n# ]
) @3 i: Z% j/ C6 u7 L6 r雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。3 h2 @6 a- h" s9 H& ~" v/ U7 u
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ) q+ j1 g6 v- d9 x3 w$ q. P3 x
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ( S" D' d, e: a# ~
; v1 @0 R: L+ N/ S [8 z, Q' s; L汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ) O+ W) a: Q: F3 ?4 F O. C
1 B, L; [ c9 D同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 7 W- @; A- ^$ {0 j1 k+ w
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。+ t8 ]5 d. t: |; [( q R
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 4 w0 P1 x# G) j2 e8 v, l4 N& t8 V
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”. s" |2 P5 j9 g2 @
/ \7 _9 j i# R8 _! i光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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5 ?& Y, |9 f$ I: w7 [6 h: ?中华民国( U7 Z& g3 E9 _6 {/ \ y
& J% r) \0 `- ~* r% N0 c& s鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ; Y/ ?2 o8 o8 E1 g6 J0 x& V& d
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 6 G. o- s8 ~7 e# b/ ~/ i B6 b
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