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一、背景知识介绍, l7 w: X4 A5 x& Y" `9 n
关于以太坊2.0 POS的挖矿这两几天突然爆出一个大雷。
- a \" h- m( i. }/ V在分享这个大雷之前,先和大家介绍以太坊POS抵押挖矿(也就是信标链挖矿)的一个基本知识:用户是怎么参与信标链挖矿的?
/ k+ A4 m9 w3 ?# c- m+ g这个过程大概是这样的:
& \4 P7 c2 y, m) C. e用户把自己的ETH打给服务商,服务商进行操作将这个ETH抵押进信标链进行质押挖矿。与此同时服务商会给用户发一个ETH的凭证代币。这个凭证代币相当于收到ETH的收据。用户打了5个ETH,就会收到5个ETH的凭证代币。stETH就是一家名为Lido的服务商提供的凭证代币。
* M5 `% [$ F" ^未来当信标链正式上线之后,用户拿一个stETH找到Lido,就能换一个信标链上的ETH。注意,这时换到的ETH可不是我们现在的ETH,而是未来信标链上的ETH,因为两者在技术实现上是有区别的,我们姑且管这个未来的ETH叫ETH2.0,以和我们现在的ETH相区别。但在价值上,ETH2.0和ETH理论上应该是一样的。 2 \1 G% U! Q5 w- m
好了,在这种情况下,如果服务商不出现任何问题(比如跑路,耍赖等),每个stETH都能换回一个ETH2.0,但这个时间点是在信标链上线之后才行。
' s& ~; g6 g3 n# o! g: g+ h可是如果有一部分持有stETH的用户等不了那么久,现在就需要ETH,那怎么办呢?因为理论上stETH未来是能换成ETH2.0的,而ETH2.0理论上又和ETH价值一样,所以理论上,stETH的市场价格和ETH几乎就应该差不多。
) @6 @8 w5 y$ S4 s: o; Q! E) N% J2 ?所以在最大的去中心化交易所Curve上,就出现了stETH和ETH的交易对。两者在正常情况下基本上是1:1的价格,也就是等值。 ( V ]2 w) c5 k! _, { p
不过这是有前提的:那就是“在正常情况下”。那什么是正常情况呢?就是大家对stETH非常有信心,这样stETH和ETH之间的双向交易额基本相同,两者的价格也就能保证基本持平。
) c% |0 ~ }! O" G二、暴雷过程3 x, n, I6 b/ K
接下来我们要讲的这个大雷就颠覆了这个“正常情况”。
% G7 d! J; e* x, j* B4 m$ q [) u& HCelsius是一家较为知名的传统加密公司,它为普通用户提供各类加密资产的服务,这其中就包括用户向它存入ETH,到期后它向用户还本付息。
& j5 c# \$ U/ ^7 z而就在最近,Celsius突然爆出一个大雷: 8 p/ z; f( C$ f8 _4 Z9 ?& W
这家公司去年曾经向以太坊2.0的质押服务商Stakehound抵押了超过4万个ETH参加以太坊2.0信标链的挖矿。然而Stakehound去年由于私钥丢失,导致其损失了相当一部分抵押的ETH,这连带拖累了Stakehound的用户也一并承受这个重大损失。这些客户中就包括Celsius。也就是说Celsius永远丢失了一笔不小数额的ETH。 : S; ?% I" O$ {. M
这个雷被隐瞒了这么久,直到现在才曝出。这引发了Celsius用户的极大不满,沉重打击了用户对它的信心。
" y( _) }: T$ O& f“屋漏偏逢连夜雨”------受这件事的影响,人们又开始分析Celsius的ETH持仓,看看还有没有更大的雷。 $ w: a6 b' B& |0 O
好事者挖到了这样的信息: 0 ?( v) T6 Q. }
实际上Celsius并没有完整保留从用户那里拿到的ETH,它只保留了总额的27%;而总额的44%给了Lido做信标链的挖矿,得到了stETH,因此总额中有44%是stETH代币;还有29%它自己去做了信标链的挖矿,而根据我们前面讲解的,这29%要等到信标链上线后它才能拿到ETH2.0。
( W$ S* G M1 C4 D/ ]所以实际上Celsius手里马上能还给用户的ETH只有27%,还有那44%如果用户也来提款,则Celsius要把那44%的stETH拿到Curve上去换成ETH才能还给用户。而当那44%也被提完后,如果还有人要提取ETH,Celsius要补上那个窟窿,恐怕十有八九会破产。
" \ g q" b( w+ ^从这个逻辑推断,Celsius未来恐怕会大量抛售stETH换回ETH以还给用户,并且极可能破产。而这一切有可能就在最近个把、两个月发生。
3 V) `" H8 q& C6 [; D/ Q如果这种情况发生,则我们前面说的Curve中那个stETH和ETH的交易对保持平稳的前提条件将不复存在,stETH将大幅暴跌。
; Q U" C9 V/ Q这个消息一出,这两天市场上顿时紧张起来,大量用户开始主动在Curve上卖出stETH,买回ETH。这导致stETH和ETH脱锚,两者的价格不再满足1:1,stETH的价格开始大幅打折。 ' n8 e7 @! k2 p1 u0 {! T
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